Segmentation maps a logical address (a 16-bit selector plus a 32-bit offset) to a 32-bit linear address, enforcing privilege and limit checks along the way. Paging then translates that linear address to a physical address, adding a second layer of User/Supervisor and Read/Write protection. The two layers are independent: segmentation is always active in protected mode, while paging is optional (controlled by CR0.PG).
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